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Bones

Bones of the Head & Neck:

  • Skull

    • Bones

    • General Features

    • Skull views:

      • Superior view

      • Anterior view

      • Lateral view

      • Posterior view

      • Inferior view- Floor of skull

      • Inferior view- Base of skull

    • Foramina of the skull

    • Teeth

  • Cervical vertebrae

    • Typical features

    • Cervical curvature

    • C1, C2 & C7

  • Hyoid bone

 

Skull

 

Bones

 

The skull is divided into 3 parts:

  1. Cranium

  2. Facial skull

  3. Mandible

 

 

Cranial bones:

  • Frontal bone

  • Parietal bone

  • Occipital bone

  • Temporal bone

  • Sphenoid bone

  • Ethmoid bone

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Facial bones:

  • Lacrimal bone

  • Maxilla

  • Nasal bone

  • Vomer bone

  • Zygomatic bone

  • Inferior concha bone

  • Palatine bone

 

Mandible

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

General Features

 

General feature:

  • Diploe

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

A neonatal skull is not fully ossified.

 

Ages of fusion:

  • Anterior fontanelle- 18months-2years

  • Posterior fontanelle- 2-3months

  • Sphenoidal fontanelle- around 6months

  • Mastoid fontanelle- 6-18months

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Superior View

 

Superior view:

  • Coronal suture

  • Sagittal suture

  • Lambdoid suture

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Anterior View

 

Anterior view:

  • Infraorbital foramen

  • Maxilla

  • Naison

  • Glabella

  • Supraorbital notch

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Lateral View

 

Lateral view:

  • Mastoid process

  • Styloid process

  • Zygomatic arch

  • Pterion- where 4 bones come together

  • Mandible

    • Head

    • Neck

    • Mandibular angle

    • Mandibular rami

    • Body

    • Condylar process

    • Mental foramen

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  • Temporal fossa

  • Infratemporal fossa

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Posterior View

 

Posterior view:

  • External occipital protruberence

  • Superior nuchal line

  • Inferior nuchal line

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Inferior View- Floor of Skull

 

Floor of the skull is made up of 3 fossae:

  • Anterior cranial fossa

  • Middle cranial fossa

  • Posterior cranial fossa

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Anterior cranial fossa:

  • Foramen cecum

  • Crista galli

  • Cribriform plate

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Middle cranial fossa:

  • Optic canal

  • Superior orbital fissure

  • Foramen rotundum

  • Foramen ovale

  • Foramen spinosum

  • Foramen lacerum

  • Carotid canal

  • Groove for middle meningeal artery

 

 

 

 

 

 

Posterior cranial fossa:

  • Internal acoustic meatus

  • Jugular foramen

  • Hypoglossal canal

  • Foramen magnum

  • Groove for signmoid sinus

  • Groove for transverse sinus

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Sphenoid bone in floor of skull:

  • Pituitary fossa

  • Greater wing

  • Lesser wing

  • Sella turcica

  • Dorsum sellae

  • Tuberculum sellae

  • Anterior clinoid processes

  • Posterior clinoid processes

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Inferior View- Base of Skull

 

Base of skull:

  • Palatine bone

  • Styloid process

  • Stylomastoid foramen

  • Occipital condyles

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Sphenoid bone in base of skull:

  • Body

  • Greater wing

  • Lesser wing

  • Pterygoid process

  • Medial pterygoid plate

  • Lateral pterygoid plate

  • Pterygoid hamulus

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Foramina of the Skull

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Teeth

 

 

Cervical Vertebrae

 

Typical Features

 

Typical features:

  • Body

  • Articular facet

  • Transverse foramen

  • Spinous process

  • Transverse process

  • Tubercle

  • Pedicle

  • Lamina

  • Vertebral foramen

 

 

 

 

Cervical Curvature

 

Cervical curvature is lordosis. There are 7 cervical certebrae.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

C1, C2 & C7

 

C1:

  • AKA= ATLAS

  • Large vertebral foramen

  • No body

 

 

 

 

 

C2:

  • AKA= AXIS

  • Odontoid peg/dens for articulation with large vertebral foramen of axis

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

C7:

  • AKA= VERTEBRA PROMINENS

Hyoid Bone

 

  • Greater horn

  • Lesser horn

  • Body

 

Muscles attached to hyoid bone:

  • Suprahyoid muscles (covered later in 'Muscles' section)

  • Infrahyoid muscles (covered later in 'Muscles' section)

  • Hyoglossus (muscle of tongue)

  • Middle paryngeal constrictor

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